Desktop Publishing

Desktop Publishing:

It is the process of using the computer and specific types of software to combine text and

graphics to produce documents such as newsletters, brochures, books, etc.

GIF

The letters "GIF" actually stand for "Graphics Interchange Format," but you don't need to

remember that. What you should know is that a GIF is a compressed image file format. GIF

images use a compression formula originally developed by CompuServe (which is why you see

the term "CompuServe GIF" in Photoshop, for those of you that care). GIFs are based on

indexed colors, which is a palette of at most 256 colors. This helps greatly reduce their

file size. These compressed image files can be quickly transmitted over a network or the

Internet, which is why you often see them on Web pages. GIF files are great for small icons

and animated images, but they lack the color range to be used for high-quality photos.

JPG:

a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (image). The degree of

compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image

quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image

quality. This is the right format for those photo images which must be very small files, for example,

for web sites or for email. JPG is often used on digital camera memory cards, but RAW or TIF

format may be offered too, to avoid it. The JPG file is wonderfully small, often compressed

to perhaps only 1/10 of the size of the original data, which is a good thing when modems are

involved. However, this fantastic compression efficiency comes with a high price. JPG uses

lossy compression (lossy meaning "with losses to quality"). Lossy means that some image

quality is lost when the JPG data is compressed and saved, and this quality can never be

recovered.

PNG:

Portable Network Graphics (PNG play /ˈpɪŋ/[2]) is a bitmapped image format that employs

lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF (Graphics

Interchange Format) as an image-file format not requiring a patent license. The initialism

PNG can also be interpreted as a recursive initialism for "PNG's Not GIF".[2]

Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and

shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical expressions, to represent images

in computer graphics. "Vector", in this context, implies more than a straight line.

Tailor made software is software the is made to the specifications of a client. In other

words it is custom made or 'tailored' to address a specific need.

Software designed to handle time and billing tracking as well as invoicing customers for

services and products. Billing software can track the hours worked by employees as well as

expenses associated with projects or clients.

Most time and billing software applications also create billing cycle reports to display information such as hours worked, expenses incurred, how much to bill clients, and which clients owe money for specific projects.

Popular time and billing software tools include Sage Timeslips, Intuit QuickBooks Time and Billing Manager, Billing Tracker and Billing.

BillingTracker Pro is time billing and invoicing software for service industry professionals such as lawyers, engineers, accountants, programmers, and consultants. Anyone who bills time and projects, and demands ease of use will enjoy BillingTracker. It allows hourly, project-rate, retainer, or even contingency invoicing, tracks outstanding client debts, has a built-in timer, and creates professional invoices to be printed or emailed.

Inventory management software is a computer-based system for tracking product levels, orders, sales and deliveries.[1] It can also be used in the manufacturing industry to create a work order, bill of materials and other production-related documents. Companies use inventory management software to avoid product overstock and outages. It is a tool for organizing inventory data that before was generally stored in hard-copy form or in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.

Point of sale (POS) software is software that retailers use to calculate sales and operate the cash drawer; it is the computerized cash register. Point of sale software adds up the sales total, figures the state sales tax, calculates the change back from the amount tendered, and automatically adjusts the store's inventory levels to debit the amount of inventory sold.

Custom software is any type of software designed for the exclusive use of a particular organization.

With custom software, the idea is to create something new and unique that meets specific needs with a specific organization, and is not intended to be adapted for use by any other organization. This form of software product is desirable when the nature of the business or other entity is highly specialized, and there are no existing software packages that can adequately meet the needs of the entity.

A multi-user dungeon or MUD is a gaming and social concept developed in the late 1970s, when connectivity to a common server was possible for a number of people at the same time. The initial goal of the multi-user dungeon was to create places where people could explore Dungeons & Dragons themed adventures together, and also interact socially in designated chat rooms or areas. Groups of players each connecting from personal computers usually via telephone line, played together in text based language, exploring various dungeons or areas, leveling up characters, or using simple commands to perform actions within the program.
The earliest multi-user dungeon types were developed at universities. In particular, the University of Illinois and the University of Essex both could connect people from their universities (and outside of them) for social interaction. The first real game on these early systems was called Oubliette, and was created at the University of Illinois for their system. It was so hard people had to work together in order to solve clues and survive.

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Microfinance In Pakistan

Microfinance In Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the few countries in the world which has a separate legal and regulatory framework for microfinance instructions.

At present, six microfinance banks are operating in the country and few banks are expected to be licensed in the near future. Besides there are about 100 NGO-MFIs engaged in provision of micro crdit to the poor.

However, total number of clients of MFBs and NGO-MFIs is around half million, which is less than 10% of the potential market to 6.5 to 7 million poor households. A multi institutional approach is required to tap huge un-severed/underserved market.

Micro-Finance By Commercial Bank:

In Pakistan, commercial banks have a huge branch network across the country with more than 3,000 branches in rural and semi-rural areas and semi urban areas. This branch network coupled with access to stable sources of funding and well established systems, could be effective utilized to extend microfinance services to the low income population which would bring additional revenue stream for banks.

The commercials banks may enter in MF market through variety of institutional managements including establishing MF counters ,etc. Commercial banks face increasing competition in their traditional retail markets. This is causing margin squeeze. It is also leading forward-thinking banks to explore new potential markets that can generate growth in client numbers at acceptable profit margins.

The commercial banks interested in building MF portfolios should review the different  institutional or organizational arrangements and select the mode based on their organizational culture, capacity and overall objectives.

No legal status, most in informal sector. Poor is unbankable perception-unable to provide collateral, minimum balances, tiny transactions. Risks in agric lending- main occupation of rural dwellers, erratic rainfall, drought, markets. Lack of conducive policies and at times conflicting. Lack of technologies to support outreach. High transaction costs, poor infrastructure.

Current Situation:

Presently the microfinance banks/institutions have a key role to play in creating economic opportunities for the poorest sections of the society by broadening  their outreach. The searching and encouring use of successful global practices and guides the provision of rules and oversight that would enable microfinance institutions build sources of public finding.

In developing economics, the symbiosis between the regulator and operators would be a critical underpinning  for this vital function to pull its weight as a major solution to poverty. The State Bank of Pakistan is facilitation setting up a microfinance exclusive credit information bueau to reduce risk association with microfinance operation and their clients.

Several initiatives have been taken by the SBP support micro financial development. These include measures to address most common causes of banking exclusion to facilitate and create enabling environment  for banks to address needs to under-severed and un-banking segments through dedicated prudential regulations, and through guideline for microfinance, SME finance, agricultural finance and other areas and to provide alternative finance models as such as Islamic banking which can operate in parallel with conventional banking.

The MFI Ordinance -2001 has been instrumental in catalyzing growth creating investors confidence and protecting depositors. State Bank of Pakistan has recently amended the Prudential Regulation for microfinance banks removing regulatory bottlenecks pointed out by industry. SBP increased ceiling on lending limits for MFBs and relaxed borrowed criteria. MFBs can now extend microloans of up to Rs.150,000/- for general purpose and Rs.500,000/- for housing loan.

Conclusion:

The concept of formal microfinance banks in Pakistan having capacity to provide a range of financial services to low income group on easy terms has emerged in mid 90s and since then it has been gaining growing acceptance of the getting-aware market.

Nonprofit organizations in Karachi

Nonprofit organizations in Karachi –

Hospitals, social service providers, arts organizations - employ nearly 10,000,000 workers, just over 25 percent of the total, cited by the Fiscal Policy Institute (FPI).So,  That is made the so-called "health and human services and cultural nonprofits" (HHSC) sector the largest private employer in Karachi and it is also developing , in tough periods, keeping  increased jobs through upswings and downturns in the economy. From 2000 to 2010, the nonprofit HHSC sector added more than 50,000 jobs, while the rest of the city's private economy lost jobs. The sector's current annual payroll in the city tops Rs.20 billion.

"During this severe recession, increased demands for a range of safety net services will fall upon the city's nonprofit health and human services sector," said the Fiscal Policy Institute's chief economist, James Parrott, the principal author of the report. "These increased demands come at a time when the nonprofit sector is under pressure from severely constrained city and state budgets - and facing mounting challenges as philanthropies and foundations scale back."

The report focused on health care, social services, and cultural organizations, all sectors in the city's economy that are dominated by nonprofit organizations. The largest industries included in the analysis are hospitals, home health care services, nursing homes, social services organizations, and child day care centers. Doctor's offices, medical testing labs and pharmaceutical companies were not included. The performing arts and museum sectors account for a little over 25,000 of the 473,000 jobs in the overall HHSC nonprofit sector.

New York City's Deputy Mayor for Health and Human Services, Linda I. Gibbs, requested that FPI prepare the report to quantify the magnitude and economic role of the nonprofit sector. Ms. Gibbs said, "The Bloomberg Administration recognizes the strength and vitality of the almost half a million New Yorkers that make up our City's nonprofit workforce. That is why yesterday Mayor Bloomberg launched a comprehensive strategy that will reduce organizations' fixed costs, improve City contract procedures and build new partnerships to help strengthen nonprofits. We are thankful the Fiscal Policy Institute worked to prepare this report because it is an incredibly useful snapshot of this important sector that is so crucial to our city."

The report includes a detailed look at the demographic profile of health and human services workers, the first in recent memory. Fiscal Policy Institute researchers found that this workforce is predominately female, slightly older than the rest of the city's workforce and much more likely to be members of minority racial and ethnic groups. A third of all health and human service workers have at least a four-year college degree.

Parrott noted that the sector is uniquely important in terms of jobs for members of minority groups. He said, "The number of minority workers employed in this sector increased by nearly one third from 2000 to 2007. Elsewhere in the city, economy minority employment grew by less than three percent."

"Nonprofit service providers are integral to life in New York City in so many ways," said Fran Barrett, executive director of the Community Resource Exchange (CRE). "Nonprofits are the front line of defense against individual and family hardship, and major providers of essential health and human services. And, as the FPI report so clearly documents, they also employ hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers and are a major economic factor in every borough."

The FPI report found that while the major cultural organizations are highly concentrated in Manhattan, the broader health and human services and cultural organizations sector accounts for 17 to 33 percent of all private payroll jobs in Staten Island, Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx.

International Scores

International Scores: Get the latest scores of all the international cricket matches from Cricinfo. Add the Cricinfo International Scores widget now!

Article on Relationship and Communication to client, members

Article on: Relationship & Communication to client, members

Relations between team members can have a profound effect on the success of the business. These relations include conflict resolution techniques and providing workers with a positive workplace identity. Good relations can help the project avoid conflicts and increase a sense of teamwork on the job for employees.

Being a senior member of my team I always encourage to sharing of ideas in the Project. I always did my best to keep my team member moral high did not wanting to let the team down. Shared targets and aims for the team to meet. My team members have social needs; go to work not just for the money but for human contact with workmates etc. We could therefore be happier in a team. support e.g. more experienced members could help, mentor and develop the less experienced members. My efforts as a Team member to improved members relations could improve the overall quality of the work in our project. Just as high their morale encourages increases in productivity, it also encourages quality work. Client relations programs that encourage loyalty and reduce employee turnover can improve the quality of the work the company produces. A lower employee turnover creates an experienced and trained workforce, which produces higher quality work than new hires or untrained employees.

It's important to involve them in project discussions. They may have a better understanding of the risks and problems than you do, and will be well placed to offer solutions. They'll also see that you value their opinions and are taking steps to protect their interests.

When our project accomplished duty was assigned to me to prepare a repot on completion of project in which we achieved our goals in given period of time and defined budget

True or False

Choose the correct Statement-True and False

1.       The CPU is housed in a single chip called Microprocessor.                    

2.       The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations.

3.       RAM stands for Random Access Memory and it’s a permanent.

4.       RAM is also referred as a Primary Memory.

5.       A keyboard is a secondary input device.

6.       A sheet-fed scanner can be used to scan pages in books or magazines.

7.       LCD is stands for Liquid Crystal Display.

8.       From magnetic tape can be accessed data randomly

9.       Static RAM does not need to be refresh, which makes it faster and cheaper.

10.   RAM is an external storage.

11.   The smallest accessible unit of memory is called byte.

12.   An operating system is a set of program

13.   Icon is an graphical representation of a(n) file, folder, program etc.

14.   Computer Software are programs that tell the computer what to do.

15.   Storage is non-volatile.

16.   The primary output devices are the video display, printer and speakers.

17.   Hyperlink allows you to move from one web page document to another.

18.   System software includes all of the programs needed to keep a computer and its peripheral devices running smoothly.

19.   Single-tasking operating systems have the ability to run more than one application program at a time

20.   A Web site is a collection of related Web documents that are made available to the public

21.   ROM stores instructions that help the computer start-up

22.   Generally, Hard Disk can  be removed from the computer.

23.   QWERTY, is the common type of keyboard.

24.   A laser type of printer works like a dot-matrix device.

25.   A byte is comprised of eight bits.

26.   Bit is represented only by 0.

27.   Hard Copy generally refers to a printout on paper.

28.   The user interface is that part of the operating  system with which the user interacts with a computer

29.   Instant messaging systems let a user know when a friend or business associate is online.

30.   The Internet is the network of networks.

31.   The uniform resource locator (URL) is the standard used to identify Web resources

Article on Computer

What is the Motherboard?

The Motherboard is the heart of your computer. It connects all your other components together so that they can interface happily.

The CPU, or processor, processes all information and performs all computations your computer needs to be done. Everything that you do, from running your calculator program to your advanced 3D video game, is done on your processor.

The GPU, or graphics card, processes all graphical information for your computer. Better cards have more memory to utilize, faster processors, faster memory, and a myriad other things. It takes a load off of the CPU. nowadays, a general rule is that all computers running the latest software need a graphics card separate from the motherboard.

RAM is the pool of memory accessible from you processors. The more the merrier.  The faster, the even merrier.

You might also be interested in sound cards, which process all audio information.

similarly,  physics cards (which ultimately failed after Agea was taken by Nvidia) compute physics in games that support them.

All of these extension cards/processors take loads off of the CPU. The slowest component is generally the speed of your computer, although some components get less information to process, so computing this speed is difficult.

Random Access Memory (RAM) provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.

If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.

RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.

When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.

The RAM is the temporary memory used to load the OS and other prorgams and applications while he PC functions. It is a dynamic memeory which can read and write data ( does both) as far as the power is ON. And the processor accesses it to receive any particular data required to be processed and it stores temporarily the data that we input when a particular program runs ( the input we give).

The BIOS which boots the PC and searches and loads the OS to the RAM does it from ROM which is a computer chip on which the data is stored permanenetly on it and cant be modified ie nothing can be written into it after the initial software for booting is loaded into it and stays there permanently.

ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.

Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.

Computer data processing is any process that a computer program does to enter data and summarise, analyse or otherwise convert data into usable information. The process may be automated and run on a computer. It involves recording, analysing, sorting, summarising, calculating, disseminating and storing data. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are often referred to as information systems. Nevertheless, the terms are roughly synonymous, performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically manipulate raw data into information, and likewise information systems typically take raw data as input to produce information as output.

Data processing may or may not be distinguished from data conversion, when the process is merely to convert data to another format, and does not involve anydata manipulation.

 What is CPU?

The word data is commonly used to mean “information.” It often suggests large amounts of information in a standardized format. Data may be or contain letters, numbers, equations, dates, images, and other material. Used specifically, data processing refers to a discrete step in the information processing cycle. In information processing, data is acquired, entered, validated, processed, stored, and output, either in response to queries or in the form of routine reports. Used in a more general sense, data processing refers to the act of recording or otherwise handling one or more sets of data.

It refers to a class of programs that organize and manipulate data, usually large amounts of digital data. accounting programs are the prototypical examples of data processing applications. In contrast, word processors, which manipulate text rather than numbers, are not generally targeted as the data processing applications.